{"id":18988,"date":"2024-10-24T10:14:51","date_gmt":"2024-10-24T10:14:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.paucostafoundation.org\/?p=18988"},"modified":"2024-11-08T11:55:18","modified_gmt":"2024-11-08T11:55:18","slug":"pirocumuls-i-pirocumulonimbus-els-nuvols-dels-incendis-forestals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.paucostafoundation.org\/ca\/pirocumuls-i-pirocumulonimbus-els-nuvols-dels-incendis-forestals\/","title":{"rendered":"Piroc\u00famuls i Pirocumulonimbus: els n\u00favols dels incendis forestals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Com ja \u00e9s ben sabut la meteorologia pot augmentar el risc d\u2019incendis forestals i dificultar-ne la seva extinci\u00f3. Per\u00f2 la relaci\u00f3 entre el foc i la meteorologia va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0: a vegades s\u00f3n els incendis mateixos els que poden generar els seus propis fen\u00f2mens meteorol\u00f2gics com els anomenats piroc\u00famuls<\/strong> i pirocumulonimbus<\/strong>, Aquests s\u00f3n n\u00favols originats a partir de la calor extrema dels incendis,capa\u00e7os de desencadenar fortes tempestes.  A continuaci\u00f3 us expliquem com es formen, perqu\u00e8 s\u00f3n tan perillosos i qu\u00e8 podem fer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Com es formen?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Imaginem un incendi forestal, quan la vegetaci\u00f3 es crema s\u2019alliberen grans quantitats de calor. Aix\u00f2 fa que l\u2019aire de prop del terra s\u2019escalfi, i pugi r\u00e0pidament generant un fort corrent ascendent. El buit que aquest deixa es r\u00e0pidament omplert per aire fred generant aix\u00ed corrents convectius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A mesura que l\u2019aire calent arriba a capes superiors en l\u2019atmosfera, aquest es refreda i s’expandeix. Quan la temperatura es prou baixa, el vapor d\u2019aigua contingut en l\u2019aire comen\u00e7a a condensar i va formant un n\u00favol per sobre la columna de fum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Es el que es coneix com a piroc\u00famul <\/strong>una formaci\u00f3 que pot cr\u00e9ixer fins a uns 5.000 metres d\u2019altitud i que en el seu interior cont\u00e9 aigua liquida que pot precipitar en forma de pluja. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquestes formacions per\u00f2, poden cr\u00e9ixer encara m\u00e9s i transformar-se en pirocumulonimbus<\/strong>. Aquest proc\u00e9s sol succeir quan l’incendi allibera grans quantitats de calor i les condicions meteorol\u00f2giques ho permeten, indistintament de la grand\u00e0ria de l’incendi. En aquests casos, la columna de fum \u00e9s cada cop m\u00e9s gran i alta podent arribar a assolir fins als 14.000 metres d\u2019altitud on la temperatura es suficientment baixa com per congelar les gotes d\u2019aigua de l\u2019interior del n\u00favol i formar-se cristalls de gel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Per tant, els piroc\u00famuls<\/strong> i els pirocumulonimbus<\/strong> s\u00f3n n\u00favols de tempesta que es formen de manera semblant als n\u00favols c\u00famuls i cumulonimbus. En aquest cas per\u00f2 la font de calor que escalfa l\u2019aire que formar\u00e0 el n\u00favol prov\u00e9 del foc intens dels incendis forestals. Per aquest motiu, s\u2019utilitza el prefix \u201cpiro\u201d que significa foc en grec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perqu\u00e8 s\u00f3n perillosos?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Com a n\u00favols de tempesta que s\u00f3n, poden desencadenar fen\u00f2mens t\u00edpics com llamps i llampecs, i fins i tot pluges intenses molt localitzades per\u00f2 el problema \u00e9s que tamb\u00e9 tenen la capacitat de generar fen\u00f2mens meteorol\u00f2gics extrems com \u00e9s el downdrafts <\/em>o desplom del n\u00favol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquest fenomen succeeix quan les corrents d\u2019aire calent provinents de l\u2019incendi arriben a capes altes de l\u2019atmosfera on la temperatura \u00e9s baixa, l\u2019aire es refreda i cau de forma sobtada fins a la superf\u00edcie. En arribar al terra, l\u2019aire es dispersa violentament, generant r\u00e0fegues de vent extremadament fortes de fins a 240km\/h que poden arrencar i trencar varis arbres per la meitat, produir un comportament err\u00e0tic i imprevisible, entre d\u2019altres fen\u00f2mens violents que  fan m\u00e9s complexa la gesti\u00f3 i extinci\u00f3 de l’incendi, arribant a posar en perill als professionals que hi estan treballant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A la vegada aquestes r\u00e0fegues d\u2019aire violentes fan que el foc cremi amb m\u00e9s intensitat ja que aporten oxigen al proc\u00e9s de combusti\u00f3 com tamb\u00e9 poden transportar brases o flames m\u00e9s lluny i provocar incendis secundaris lluny del focus original.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u2019altres casos, tamb\u00e9 poden tenir lloc tempestes seques<\/em> anomenades aix\u00ed degut a l\u2019abs\u00e8ncia de precipitaci\u00f3 durant la tempesta. Les altes temperatures assolides durant l\u2019incendi fan que la humitat relativa sigui molt baixa i la precipitaci\u00f3 s\u2019evapori abans d\u2019arribar a terra. En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, no hi haur\u00e0 pluja per apagar els possibles focs nous produ\u00efts pels llamps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quins factors afavoreixen la seva formaci\u00f3?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La formaci\u00f3 d\u2019aquest tipus de n\u00favols dep\u00e8n tant de les condicions atmosf\u00e8riques com de l\u2019energia que es capa\u00e7 d\u2019alliberar l\u2019incendi. Actualment els cient\u00edfics i cossos operatius estan treballant per determinar exactament quines s\u00f3n aquestes condicions atmosf\u00e8riques. En canvi, hi ha un ampli coneixement sobre quins s\u00f3n els factors que promouen que els incendis alliberin grans quantitats d\u2019energia facilitant aix\u00ed la formaci\u00f3 d\u2019aquest tipus de n\u00favols. A continuaci\u00f3 us els detallem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El combustible forestal<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La gran quantitat de vegetaci\u00f3 morta i distribu\u00efda de forma cont\u00ednua en el territori degut a la falta de gesti\u00f3 forestal sumat als efectes del canvi clim\u00e0tic far\u00e0 que l\u2019incendi cremi amb m\u00e9s intensitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Influ\u00e8ncia de la sequera<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quan parlem de vegetaci\u00f3 morta o combustible mort ens referim a aquell que no t\u00e9 la capacitat de regular la seva pr\u00f2pia humitat i per tant dep\u00e8n de la humitat ambiental. De manera que en condicions de sequera i altes temperatures, el combustible mort dif\u00edcilment podr\u00e0 hidratar-se i cremar\u00e0 amb m\u00e9s facilitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un m\u00e8tode pr\u00e0ctic i aproximat per con\u00e8ixer el temps que la vegetaci\u00f3 morta triga en aconseguir aquest equilibri amb la humitat ambiental \u00e9s calcular el temps o les hores de retard<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De normal, en herbes i branquillons, les hores de retard poden anar des de 1 a 10 hores. Mentre que en branques i troncs aquest pot arribar a ser d\u2019un mes i mig sempre i quan la humitat relativa ambiental sigui favorable al llarg del temps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

En un context de sequera extrema els combustibles amb HR m\u00e9s altes, \u00e9s a dir, branques i troncs m\u00e9s gruixuts no aconsegeuixen equilibrar la seva humitat amb la de l’entorn i per tant, podran cremar quan en condicions normals no ho farien o seria m\u00e9s d\u00edficil que ho f\u00e9ssin. De manera que els incendis tindran m\u00e9s combustible disponible i per tant seran m\u00e9s extrems, alliberaran m\u00e9s energia i m\u00e9s convecci\u00f3, sent aix\u00ed m\u00e9s f\u00e0cil que es formin pirocumuls i pirocumulonimbus, sempre que les condicions atmosf\u00e8riques siguin les adients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El patr\u00f3 propagaci\u00f3<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Com avan\u00e7a i com es comporta el foc en un incendi forestal tamb\u00e9 s\u00f3n factors condicionants davant l\u2019aparici\u00f3 d\u2019aquest tipus de n\u00favols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entre els diferents patrons de propagaci\u00f3 (topogr\u00e0fic, vent i convecci\u00f3), els incendis per convecci\u00f3, \u00e9s a dir, aquells que generen una columna convectiva d\u2019aire calent resultant de l’alliberaci\u00f3 de grans quantitats de calor (energia), facilitaran la formaci\u00f3 de pirocumuls i pirocumulunimbus. L’ambient extrem de foc generat durant l\u2019incendi comportar\u00e0 una gran calor i forts corrents de vent que contribuiran a l\u2019aparici\u00f3 d\u2019aquest tipus de n\u00favols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e8 podem fer?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

En primer lloc, establir estrat\u00e8gies i t\u00e0ctiques d’extinci\u00f3 que evitin posar en risc els serveis d\u2019extinci\u00f3. \u00c9s molt important que aquests prestin especial atenci\u00f3 a la possibilitat de formaci\u00f3 de piroc\u00famuls o pirocumulonimbus i als possibles canvis de comportament del foc per tal d\u2019evitar situacions de risc en cas que tingui lloc un downbrust<\/em> o desplom del n\u00favol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Com a societat, es necessari prendre consci\u00e8ncia de la import\u00e0ncia de la gesti\u00f3 del paisatge per tal d\u2019evitar que els incendis esdevinguin grans incendis capa\u00e7os de generar fen\u00f2mens com els piroc\u00famuls i pirocumulonimbus que comportin situacions de risc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aconseguir un paisatge divers que ofereixi oportunitats per gestionar la propagaci\u00f3 del foc \u00e9s essencial. Fer-ho, est\u00e0 a les nostres mans a trav\u00e9s de la gesti\u00f3 forestal i la millora de l\u2019economia rural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finalment, tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s fonamental augmentar el coneixement sobre aquest tipus de n\u00favols ja que actualment encara hi ha molts interrogants sobre la seva formaci\u00f3, comportament i evoluci\u00f3. Per aix\u00f2 a trav\u00e9s de projectes europeus com EWED finan\u00e7at per DGECHO i coordinat per la fundaci\u00f3 Pau Costa, s\u2019est\u00e0 treballant per posar llum a aquest tipus de fen\u00f2mens meteorol\u00f2gics associats als incendis forestals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Com ja \u00e9s ben sabut la meteorologia pot augmentar el risc d\u2019incendis forestals i dificultar-ne la seva extinci\u00f3. Per\u00f2 la relaci\u00f3 entre el foc i la meteorologia va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0: a vegades s\u00f3n els incendis mateixos els que poden generar els seus propis fen\u00f2mens meteorol\u00f2gics com els anomenats piroc\u00famuls i pirocumulonimbus, Aquests s\u00f3n n\u00favols originats […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1007,"featured_media":18991,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-ca"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPiroc\u00famuls i Pirocumulonimbus: els n\u00favols dels incendis forestals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.paucostafoundation.org\/ca\/pirocumuls-i-pirocumulonimbus-els-nuvols-dels-incendis-forestals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Piroc\u00famuls i Pirocumulonimbus: els n\u00favols dels incendis forestals\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Com ja \u00e9s ben sabut la meteorologia pot augmentar el risc d\u2019incendis forestals i dificultar-ne la seva extinci\u00f3. Per\u00f2 la relaci\u00f3 entre el foc i la meteorologia va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0: a vegades s\u00f3n els incendis mateixos els que poden generar els seus propis fen\u00f2mens meteorol\u00f2gics com els anomenats piroc\u00famuls i pirocumulonimbus, Aquests s\u00f3n n\u00favols originats […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.paucostafoundation.org\/ca\/pirocumuls-i-pirocumulonimbus-els-nuvols-dels-incendis-forestals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Pau Costa Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-24T10:14:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-08T11:55:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.paucostafoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/PIROCUMULUS_header_web-17-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"853\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" 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